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6.12.12

Thoughts linking to earth architecture...

'We join spokes together in a wheel,
but it is the center hole
that makes the wagon move.

We shape clay into a pot,
but it is the emptiness inside
that holds whatever we want.

We cut windows and doors for a house,
but it is the inner space
that makes it livable.

We work with being
but non-being is what we use.'


Tao Te Ching Chapter 11
-adapted from 1988 translation by S.Mitchell
 
 

20.8.12

Hemp-Lime Construction

The use of Hemp-Lime construction is growing in use as a more environmentally friendly choice for construction. Hemp is carbon sequestering and lime is a lower embodied carbon and breathable alternative to ordinary portland cement (OPC).  Therefore, when combined with other sustainable choices for foundation and roof construction and finishes, a low to no carbon building that has a breathable and healthy environment can be acheived.
 
Another benefit is that if used where there is naturally occuring limestone or chalk, and hemp can be grown, a truely ecological approach of building can be used which is to build with materials from the site.
 
Some good examples from recent years:
This is Clay Fields development in Suffolk designed by Riches Hawly Mikhail Architects and Buro Happold Engineers, for Orwell Housing Association. Hemp-Lime sprayed onto Timber Frame with permenent internal sheathing. Source: Case Study Sheet from: limetechnology, Tradical, hemcrete. CaseStudy: Orwell Housig Association availiable from: http://www.limetechnology.co.uk
The Triangle housing development by Hab Oakus developers, designed by Glenn Howells, built by Willmott Dixon in Swindon, Wiltshire. Hemp-lime compacted within temporary shuttering onto timber frame. OPC content reducing ecological credentials. Source: University of Bath, EPSRC and BRE, Hemp-Lime, The Triangle, Low Impact Materials: Case Study H, May 2011, availiable from BRE online.
Seven Storey Office buildig, timber frame with hemp-lime blocks in Clermot Ferrad. Source: Bevan, R. & Wooley, T., 2008. Hemp Lime Construction, A Guide to building with hemp lime composites, Bracknell: IHS BRE Press.
 

Hemp-Lime Spray onto Timber Frame at th WISE building at C.A.T. This building succesfully used a number of ecologically minded and mostly natural materials to create a living ad studying space of outstanding architectural quality. Source: http://info.cat.org.uk/questions/wise/how-were-natural-insulation-materials-hemp-cellulose-and-cork-used-wise
 
A few construction details for hemp-lime construction:




More information and useful links:

11.6.12

Filtration Facade for Digbeth Digital Gateway design

Concept:

 Fitted into the construction:

 
And Detailing:
With inspiration from:
The Microbial House bathroom:
 And the Earthship filtration system:

30.3.12

developing the Digbeth Digital Gateway project

Beginning this urban renewal project by aiming to create an architecture that connects existing open loops and acts as the processor between resources at site and brief needs.
 
 
Re-connecting green and blue routes through the city

Inital plan breakdown of built entity.

Evolving an approach to architecture. What should the goal of ecological architecture be?

Exploring timber structures for hemp and lime construction through models.
 

 


19.3.12

What is Sustainable Architecture? (CAT blog March)

What is sustainable architecture… Is it an architectural movement like modernism or brutalism? Probably not as there’s no distinct aesthetic… is it a high rating under BREEAM, LEED or CfSH? Probably not as these are designed to bring conventional design into the sustainable sphere, not as effective design tools for an already sustainable brief… Is it Passivhaus? Biomimicry? Passive Solar? Carbon Sequestering? High-tech? Low-tech? A Promise? This fascinating debate centres on the undefinable definition of Human sustainability, which was the underlying theme for this module. The essential paradox, that Peter Harper would probably call a ‘wicked question’ is that buildings are inherently bad for the environment, but necessary for civilisation.
Sustainable architecture could then be a balance between environment and civilisation, well, it will have to be; If Humans had the choice between the two and not a balance, history suggests we would choose the latter, even though we know it to be counter-active as civilisation is dependent on the environment.
Another option is to eradicate the separating terminology between man and nature, such as the philosophy set by Aldo Leopold in ‘The Land Ethic’; ‘…changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it’. If this philosophy were taken, the choice above would no longer be relevant. Even so, the main question (title) remains.
The problem to me, as an architectural designer is that to produce sustainable buildings, one must take the idea ‘sustainable’ and create a physical, functioning reality. If the idea in itself is one of unknown definition, how is it possible to solidly embody it?

25.2.12

Daylighting, Howells and the Custard Factory, (CAT blog Feburary)

Wind, acoustics, air quality, refurbishment, green roofs and schools, this month’s lectures covered so many ideas tied with a central theme of user perception. It was also the launch of our second design project, the urban regeneration of a site next to the Custard Factory in Birmingham. 
During the week at CAT we went through the brief and discussed who will focus on which area of site research. I took the daylighting practical where we learnt the traditional BRE manual method of predicting skylight, sunlight and solar gain. We used this to explore light qualities on the new site taking potential window positions and assessing their suitability for various activities to be housed; for example, discovering the necessary distances from adjacent building to allow adequate daylighting. We also used the artificial sky and the heliodon with models which we will definitely be using again once more advanced models for the next designs have progressed.

At the end of the module we all made our way to the central backpacker hostel on Coventry Street in Birmingham for site analysis and client meeting, definitely the highlight of the week. HQ for the stay was a studio room in Glenn Howells Office,  which is also where we will be presenting the final proposed schemes. Glenn gave a lecture on the history and urban evolution of Birmingham and the selected site. It is at the geographical birthplace of the city, although now consists of a 6-lane road, crossing the river hidden far below and bounded mostly by either derelict brick industrial buildings or boarded up brown-field sites.

The Site next to th Custard Factory, Digbeth Highstreet, Taken by George Bevan
The client is Lucan Grey, owner of the land and modern philanthropist/developer who initiated the custard factory. He gave a talk in the exquisite Fazeley Studios, an old church that from the outside, appears to be just part of the half-derelict, graffiti-covered Digbeth area, but opens up to an opulent interior with a luxurious-business atmosphere. Grey describes it as a ‘secret place, inward-looking’. The whole area, that will one day become the ‘Custard Factory Quarter’ is full of surreal surprises, including the hidden river Rea, the domes and canopies over the Custard Factory courtyards and the Indian restaurant whose day-time coffee shop aims to be a place for ‘the meeting of the minds’ and a tribute to Rabindranath Tagore, a great Indian Polymath.

After visiting the inspiring Edible Eastside community gardening project by the canal, we went on site at the new Birmingham Library, designed by Mecanoo architects. The building is huge and the scale of every part of the design miniaturised our small group as we toured around. Going up in the hoist to the roof was brilliant, cantilevered in a metal mesh box from a steel post tied in at points to the structure. From the top we could look down over the once fully red-bricked city, now carved up by wide roads and huge glass fronted, mass buildings.

The group vibe is excitement for this new project on an interesting and complex site. For the final mark, along with presentations of schemes, we will be producing detailed technical reports which will test the knowledge gained in modules so far, with a construction cost budget of only £120 per square foot. Design of The Custard-Quarter Gateway, here we come.

10.12.11

Module Three - CAT November

CAT’s November residential was intense; I feel I need to sleep for a week to absorb all that happened. Our first essays and practical reports were due in upon arrival at CAT, we stayed in the timber self-build again, and stayed up late adding final touches to presentations for the following day. On Tuesday, we each gave 10 minute marked presentations for feedback on presentation style, format and interim stage designs. It was great to see the range of approaches to affordable sustainable housing for the brief in Machynlleth. Duncan Roberts joined us for presentation feedback, tutorials and to give the architectural practice lecture.

With the MSc students we had four sets of lectures:
  • Ventilation and cooling systems, finishing with Ben Abel from Hilson Moran showing analysis and design of systems in high rise such as 30 St Mary’s Axe, the Gherkin, through digital environmental modelling visuals.
  • Water systems and services with a focus led by Judith Thornton on sewage, toilets, composting human manure and the technology to achieve this.
  • Moisture and condensation in buildings, especially in walls, and exploring the issues with retrofit insulation into cavities that were not designed to take the moisture build-up created by this.
  • Waste management policy and practice with Peter Wynn.
Friday was practical day; I took part in John’s Acoustical workshop inspired by results showing that the acoustical performance of green buildings is less satisfactory than in conventional buildings. Why is this? It is simply that it is a secondary concern to ‘green’ designers? Or is it a side effect of the material choice treatment within green homes? We used areas of the WISE building as case studies and split up to analyse reverberation and acoustical phenomena.

The surfaces of the Lecture theatre creates a large reverberation time, which is great for lectures when few people are speaking, however, the circular plan geometry causes focusing and ‘blind spots’ in sound resulting in difficulty with debates/discussions. Diffusion surfaces would help this but may detract from the unique acoustics of the theatre that make it a special place.

We also investigated the restaurant extension where we eat. Other groups had previously recorded extremely high decibel levels during meal times, experienced by having to shout across tables to hold conversations and not hearing words from anyone a few seats away, just noise. The room is clad in timber as throughout the building and has a large glass fronting that opens up to the courtyard. Digital acoustical analysis showed a long reverberation time and standing waves set up. The reflective surfaces, slanted ceiling and linear plan geometry meant single source sound travels to the opposite end of the room and is heard there as illegible echo or background noise, also creating a lack of conversational privacy when the room is relatively empty. Absorption may improve the situation, but solutions should keep to the style, aesthetic principles and the green credentials of the building.

Each week we also choose a structured seminar, I took part in modelling heat and moisture transfer in buildings, looking particularly at areas of condensation risk in various wall sections on a programme called WUFI. Taylor Roark at CAT is organising the sustainability zone at London Green Fair 2012 which a number of the Prof Dip students are going getting involved with, we had a lunch time meeting to discuss ideas and got the ball rolling. http://www.londongreenfair.org/

On Saturday night, Christmas came to CAT. We arrived to Christmas Dinner, the tables set out long ways with candles – Hogwarts style. In groups we had prepared mini musical pantomimes – another good excuse for the tutors to dress in drag. The lobby space outside the lecture theatre was set up with a stage area and curtains, all us prof dip students joined together to perform ‘The sound of Greece nativity’ before dancing into the early hours.

There is a lot of work to be done this winter, January brings the final presentations of the housing project, lots of drawing, CAD and model making to do in addition to researching and drafting the next essays and reports. During this week we have become a lot closer as a group despite our usual geographical separation, 6 weeks until we are back, time is sure going quickly – next time in Wales we will only have one year left.

10.11.11

Module Two - CAT October

This module we explored the practicalities of living in a Walter Segal inspired, self-build, timber frame house, which was the accommodation for most Prof Dip students, cosily packed into the small house in bunks, two showers to share and the luxury of a common room – the setting for discussions, drinking and games for the week. The rest of us stayed in the above-the-restaurant-accommodation, described as a chicken-coop, due to its maze of small corridors and pocket-sized rooms.

Whilst we were gone from CAT, we tried out ways to collaborate, share research and work as a team whilst being scattered across the country, Ben set up a wiki, and George set up a dropbox. We are now looking into ways to better organise the communications, after getting lost in the multiple mass of emails circulating around. Getting stuck into our design project, we agreed groups for site analysis, organised by Kirsty, we each researched one subject – Jodie and I looked at Sewage – As a year group we created a detailed book of information, something that would have been difficult to achieve alone.



Back up the slate quarry in Powys, Alison and Trish took us through a 360 degree review to share initial designs for the housing project in Machynlleth. Not a traditional pin-up, we had 2mins each to present, followed by posting feedback on peers work, leading to much discussion around central topics, “If you don’t create a reason for young people to stay in a town (such as employment and amenities) then what’s the point in building affordable housing? It seems logical to create ‘reasons to stay’ as a first priority, as housing will naturally follow this” -Charlotte on community housing. We had the privilege to speak to the dynamic, interesting and knowledgeable client of the project site, sustainable local butcher Will Lloyd Williams, who gave us a new understanding of the site in addition to turning the project into a competition with prizes.

Our lectures, shared with the MSc students, began with architectural practice; Pat Borer who described his obsession with L-shaped plans, amongst other endeavours “…these buildings are made of sticks and what they do is bring in the nature…” The talks continued on a theme of thermal comfort, full of analysis, regulations, equations and design reactions because “…If you don’t know about it, you can’t tell people what to do about it.” – Francis Hill. The tutors devised a way of really making us understand all this by a full-on day of practical workshops. My group started out in the sauna, to see how our bodies react to heat – Jason pointing his surface temperature laser all over the place to prove it – followed by a very quick dip in the 9 degree Celsius reservoir, our surface temperatures dropped by 30 degrees! Refreshed we attended Tim and Alison’s workshop to think about how a building reacts to its environment to achieve thermal comfort. The afternoon brought a U-value seminar and gadget session, devising mini-experiments using tools to measure humidity, surface temperature, core temperature, lux-levels, CO2 levels, etc…

Spooky Saturday Night; Halloween came early to CAT. Some had come prepared with skeleton suits; others raided Mach’s charity stores for vampire attire. Some dressed in plastic, handcuffed themselves together and shuffled around claiming to be carbon dioxide…good ale, good dancing, great friends…

The dancing always takes place in the lobby space outside the rammed-earth lecture theatre, and for many reasons it’s my favourite space in the WISE building. What could have been a corridor between teaching places, bar, courtyard, theatre and bedrooms, Pat Borer and David Lea decided to merge these separate spaces together on the turning axis of the plan, creating a shared-use space that flows. The curved triangular space has light coming in from 3 directions, two on the horizontal as well as from above trickling down the staircase; one side is completely fronted by the calming drop-pool courtyard bringing the experience of outside within. From what I’ve seen so far, (and I’ve only been to CAT a total of five times now,) events occurring in this space include but are not limited to: degree show exhibitions, waiting for interviews, photography for student cards, drawing classes, day group seminar sessions, drinking, DJ and dancing, many people working quietly on laptops, tug of war games, lining up for lectures, experiments of many kinds, a luxury transition space from public to private, moving up to the rooms, people sitting quietly with a sketch book thinking… And the amazing thing is that for each and every one, the atmosphere adjusts and suits perfectly.

Sunday’s lectures concluded the week with Part-L talks whilst nursing sore heads before all falling asleep on the train home. The weight of the work to be done in the 4 weeks before our return looming, next session we need to be ready for hand-ins and presentations.

22.10.11

The Laws of Thermodynamics and Their Implications on Thermal Comfort in the Built Environment

The Second law of thermodynamics is the most prevalent for the explanation of heat uses within dwellings; it describes the natural direction of energy transformation and entropy. Energy “…move[s] from a highly ordered state to a disordered state…” (Cleveland, Kaufmann 2008.) Heat, as the form of energy with the most entropy, is the eventual natural result; “Entropy of a closed system increases (more exactly, does not decreases) with time.” (Prisyazhniuk, 2007.) This heat will spread until it reaches equilibrium. Within buildings this means that a source of heat, whether it be a fire, hot water system or direct solar gain will spread itself from the concentrated source point out towards any cooler area. Ideally for thermal comfort this heat energy, once within the space should be conserved, emphasizing the importance of airtightness and insulation in design as well as the importance of space economy, or: not wanting to spend the energy to heat to near equilibrium a large space, for just one person. The second law also describes how in order to produce a useful lower entropy, (highly ordered,) form of energy; the kind needed in order to generate heat within our home, that additional energy has to be applied and work done. (Prisyazhniuk, 2007.)  “…the continuous flow of oil, coal, and other fuels used to run society is converted into low quality, unavailable energy ("waste heat").” Also described by the ‘Zero’ law, “…All bodies acquire the temperature of the environment…” (Prisyazhniuk, 2007.)[1] Such laws explain the difficulty of conserving and storing energy as heat, a continuous battle against natural physics that appears to be one of the main elements of environmental dwelling design. We try to harness the high entropy form of energy to store for times when the natural pulsing environment has spread the availible warmth to near equilbrium at a localized area, working with these rules and using the importance of temperature difference to control passive heat flow we endeavour to slow the enevitable directional movement of energy for our comfort.



[1] The "Zero" Law of Thermodynamics: the Law of Heat Equilibrium, this wording is put by J. Black (1728 – 1799): "All bodies freely communicating with one another and not subject to a non-equilibrium impact of the ambient conditions acquire one the same temperature, as determined with the thermometer. All bodies acquire the temperature of the environment."(Prisyazhniuk, 2007.)